Have you ever wondered WHY?
ANSWERS TO INTRIGUING QUESTIONs ABOUT JUDAISM
ANSWERS TO INTRIGUING QUESTIONs ABOUT JUDAISM
Why are Mezuzot (singular, Mezuzah) placed on the doorposts of Jewish homes?
The Mezuzah is a small parchment inscribed with verses from the Bible. It is rolled up, inserted in a case, and attached to the doorpost.
That a Mezuzah be placed on the doorposts of every Jewish home is mandated in the Bible: “And you shall write them (the commandments) upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates...” (Deuteronomy 6: 9). Its function is twofold: to serve as a reminder of God’s laws, and to serve as a symbol of loyalty to the Jewish people.
The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who lived in Palestine in the first century c.e., wrote in his book Antiquities “The greatest benefits of God are to be written on the doors… in order that His benevolent providence may be made known everywhere.” And Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides), the great twelfth century philosopher, wrote in his famous work Yad HaHazaka, “by the commandment of Mezuzah man is reminded of the unity of God, and is aroused to the love of Him…” The Mezuzah is also believed to be a protective amulet for the home and its inhabitants. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 113)
That a Mezuzah be placed on the doorposts of every Jewish home is mandated in the Bible: “And you shall write them (the commandments) upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates...” (Deuteronomy 6: 9). Its function is twofold: to serve as a reminder of God’s laws, and to serve as a symbol of loyalty to the Jewish people.
The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who lived in Palestine in the first century c.e., wrote in his book Antiquities “The greatest benefits of God are to be written on the doors… in order that His benevolent providence may be made known everywhere.” And Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides), the great twelfth century philosopher, wrote in his famous work Yad HaHazaka, “by the commandment of Mezuzah man is reminded of the unity of God, and is aroused to the love of Him…” The Mezuzah is also believed to be a protective amulet for the home and its inhabitants. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 113)
Why is a quill used for writing religious documents?
A quill from a kosher fowl is used to write religious documents, including a Torah scroll, a Mezuza parchment, a Tefilin parchment, and a divorce document (Get). A steel pen (or any other metal object, including a printing press) may not be used because iron products and their derivatives are considered symbols of war: they are materials from which swords and guns and other armaments are made. This tradition dates back to biblical times, when, in the construction of the altar, stones were not used if they had been shaped with iron tools. This is based on the biblical injunction, “And if you make Me an altar of stone, do not build it of hewn stones, for if you apply your “sword” (iron tool) to it, you have profaned it” (Exodus 20: 25).
Why is the star of David a popular symbol?
This six-pointed star (hexagram) is called “Magen David” in Hebrew. The words Magen David, generally translated as “Star of David”, literally means “Shield of David”.
Its earliest use in a synagogue dates back 1800 years, when it appeared next to a five-pointed star (pentagram) and a swastika on a frieze in the Synagogue of Capernaum. In sixth-century Italy, the Start of David emblem appeared for the first time on a tombstone.
The origin of the Star of David is clouded, and it probably has no connection whatsoever with King David. We do find that between the years 1300 and 1700 Kabbalists (Jewish mystics) used the terms “Shield of David” and “Shield of Solomon” interchangeably. The Star of David occurs as a specifically Jewish emblem in seventeenth-century Prague, where it appears on the official seal of the Jewish community and on printed prayerbooks. In 1987 it was adopted by the first Zionist Congress as its symbol, and in 1948 it became the central figure in the flag of the new State of Israel.
Its earliest use in a synagogue dates back 1800 years, when it appeared next to a five-pointed star (pentagram) and a swastika on a frieze in the Synagogue of Capernaum. In sixth-century Italy, the Start of David emblem appeared for the first time on a tombstone.
The origin of the Star of David is clouded, and it probably has no connection whatsoever with King David. We do find that between the years 1300 and 1700 Kabbalists (Jewish mystics) used the terms “Shield of David” and “Shield of Solomon” interchangeably. The Star of David occurs as a specifically Jewish emblem in seventeenth-century Prague, where it appears on the official seal of the Jewish community and on printed prayerbooks. In 1987 it was adopted by the first Zionist Congress as its symbol, and in 1948 it became the central figure in the flag of the new State of Israel.
Why is Matza eaten on Passover?
Matza is eaten to satisfy the biblical commandment to commemorate the hasty departure of the Children Of Israel from Egypt: “They took up their dough before it had time to leaven” (Exodus 12:34). The message is further amplified in Deuteronomy 16:3: “for seven days thereafter you shall eat unleavened bread… for you departed from the land of Egypt hurriedly… so that you may remember the day of your departure from the land of Egypt for as long as you live”. The implication of this verse as interpreted by the Rabbis, is that it is mandatory to eat Matza on the first night of Passover, and it is optional to eat it for the balance of the week, as long as Hametz (leavened bread and other products) is not eaten.
Why is a piece of Matza, called the Afikoman, “stolen” by children and hidden until it is ransomed?
During the early part of the Seder service, a piece of the middle Matza is placed in a napkin or a bag. This Matza, called the Afikoman, is distributed to all Seder participants after the meal and is then eaten as a dessert (Afikoman is a Greek word meaning dessert).
The custom of setting aside a piece of Matza for the end of the Seder was instituted 700 years ago by students of Rashi, the great French Rabbi and commentator. To make the Seder more exciting for children, they were allowed to “steal” and hide the Afikoman. Since the Seder could not continue until a piece of the Afikoman was eaten by everyone, the leader of the Seder had to search for it. If he or she could not find it, they would offer a gift to the children. Then the children would fetch the Afikoman from its hiding place. Nowadays, many Seder leaders hide the Afikoman and the children receive a gift, if they find it. When the Afikoman is finally returned, the leader of the Seder breaks it into small pieces, which he or she shares with everyone at the table. The intention is that the last flavor we taste at the Seder is that of Matza, as a way of internalizing its meaning. After partaking of the Afikoman the Seder can continue with the recitation of the Grace After The Meal and further songs and readings. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 204)
The custom of setting aside a piece of Matza for the end of the Seder was instituted 700 years ago by students of Rashi, the great French Rabbi and commentator. To make the Seder more exciting for children, they were allowed to “steal” and hide the Afikoman. Since the Seder could not continue until a piece of the Afikoman was eaten by everyone, the leader of the Seder had to search for it. If he or she could not find it, they would offer a gift to the children. Then the children would fetch the Afikoman from its hiding place. Nowadays, many Seder leaders hide the Afikoman and the children receive a gift, if they find it. When the Afikoman is finally returned, the leader of the Seder breaks it into small pieces, which he or she shares with everyone at the table. The intention is that the last flavor we taste at the Seder is that of Matza, as a way of internalizing its meaning. After partaking of the Afikoman the Seder can continue with the recitation of the Grace After The Meal and further songs and readings. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 204)
Why are drops of wine spilled from the cup while the 10 plagues are recited at the Seder?
It is explained as an expression of sorrow for the pain suffered by the Egyptians from each plague. Traditionally, the pinky is dipped into the goblet and a drop at a time is tapped onto a saucer with the mention of each plague. The use of the finger is said to be a reminder of the biblical verse (Exodus 8:15) in which Pharaoh’s magicians, unable to duplicate the miracles performed by Moses, had to admit that it was the “finger of God” that executed these miracles. Some say that this Passover observance is simply a remnant of a prevailing custom in early societies who believed that evil spirits could be bribed with wine. Accordingly, some wine was always spilled from the cup before any of the wine in the cup was drunk. This custom may have carried over in ancient times to assure that spirits would not disrupted the festivities. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 203)
Why is the Haggada recited during the Seder?
The Haggada as we know it today is a small volume which recounts the dramatic story of the Exodus from Egypt. It also contains psalms and songs to be sung in celebration of the event. The Haggada was introduced by the Members Of The Great Assembly (Anshei HaK’nesset HaGedolah) in the land of Israel almost 2500 years ago. These sages created the Haggada in order to comply with the biblical verse, “And you shall instruct your son on that day (Passover)… (Exodus 13:8). The word “haggada” is Hebrew for “the telling” (of the ancient story). As such it is a book of instruction, especially designed for the young. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 197)
Why does the person leading the Seder traditionally recline against a pillow?
The custom of eating in a reclining position symbolizes freedom and independence. Persian, Greek, and Roman aristocrats followed this practice as a measure of leisure and stature. Jews who lived in the midst of, and under the rule of, these domineering cultures adopted the practice of reclining at the table on Passover as an expression of their desire to lead a free and independent existence. Imitating the ruling class, was also a form of cultural rebellion and defiance. The Mishnah (Pesachim 10:1) requires that even the poorest person of Israel must not eat on the first night of Passover unless he or she reclines. Another element of the traditional Seder that was also adopted from the infamous Roman banquet, was dipping herbs in salt water. (Sourced in part from “The Jewish Book Of Why”, Kolatch page 196)
Why is Leaven (Hametz) removed on Passover?
The word Hametz literally means “sour”. Anything leavened or Hametz in biblical times was considered ritually impure because it had fermented or soured. Matzah, unleavened bread, on the other hand, was a symbol of purity and mandated on Passover (Exodus 13: 7). Mitzvah is a reminder of the bread the Israelites took with them when they left Egypt in a haste. The Talmud says: “leaven represents the evil impulse of the heart” (Berakhot 17a). The following five grains: wheat, barley, spelt, rye, and oat, and anything made of them, are considered Hametz, and thus forbidden on Passover because they ferment easily. The only way they can be used is for the baking of Matza before the holiday. Since Matzah is made from only two ingredients, flour and water, and baked in a great haste (to prevent the unset of fermentation), it does meet the purity standard of the holiday. It is customary that Hametz is removed from the house before Passover so that it will not even be seen. That is why many Jews scour the house before the holiday to remove any and all Hametz. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 187)
Why are noisemakers, groggers, used when the Book Of Esther (Megillah) is read in the synagogue?
To blot out Haman’s name. Since Haman was the archenemy of the Jews of Persia, and also epitomizes all enemies of the Jewish people throughout the ages, noisemakers are sounded whenever his name is mentioned during the reading of the Megillah of Esther. This is a method of “erasing” Haman’s remembrance, in following with the biblical verse: “I will utterly erase the remembrance of Amalek from under the heavens” (Exodus 17:14). The biblical tribe of Amalek, who attacked the newly liberated Israelite slaves in the Sinai desert, are considered to be Haman’s ancestors. Turning groggers, stumping on the floor, and blowing horns and whistles are some of the methods used in synagogues to erase the name "Haman" from even being heard if not remembered.
Why do Hamantaschen have three corners?
The most common explanation is that the three corners resemble the three corner hat worn by Haman. However there is no evidence for this, and an alternative speculation is that the custom began in the nineteenth century to copy the Napoleonic triangular-shaped hat. More convincing linguistic and anthropological studies of Western Europe cuisine claim that a three corner pastry was a traditional German sweet in the middle ages called Mohntachen, literally poppy-seed pockets - mohn, poppyseed and tasche, pocket. The German Jewish community must have adopted the pastry in jest as their Purim specialty because of its phonetic resemblance with Haman, giving us hamantaschen. The traditional and religious explanation is that Queen Esther derived her strength and courage from the three patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, hence three corners. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 276)
Does Tzedakah really mean charity?
To Jews today, the term tzedakah צדקה connotes giving charitable contributions, but the term originates in another realm. In the Bible, tzedakah means “righteous behavior” and is often paired with “justice.” In Jewish thought and tradition, material support for those in need is not a matter of “charity”, a term that implies generosity beyond what may be expected, but a requirement. As in most areas of life, here too Jewish tradition makes practical demands and specifies expectations. Traditional Jewish law regulates the collection and disbursement of tzedakah in an attempt to assure fairness. Judaism provides guidance on how much to give, how to minimize embarrassment to the recipient, and how to set priorities among competing demands for assistance. The so-called “ladder of tzedakah” expounded by the medieval thinker Maimonides, one of the best-known Jewish sources on this subject, emphasizes the importance of anonymous, generous giving, and on helping those in need become self-sufficient.
(Sourced in part from My Jewish Learning)
(Sourced in part from My Jewish Learning)
Why is hunting discouraged in Jewish tradition?
Animals killed by hunters, even kosher animals (that have split hooves and chew their cud), are rendered non-kosher as designated by the Book of Exodus (22: 30). If a kosher animal in the wild, such as a deer, is trapped but not injured, the flesh may be eaten if slaughtered by a schochet in the prescribed ritual manner. Rabbi Akiba ruled that it is forbidden to take the life of a wild animal without giving it a fair trial before a court of twenty-three judges, the same as for a human being. Undoubtedly, this was not to be taken literally, but to emphasize the sanctity and importance of all living creatures. The Talmud (Chulin 60b) discourages hunting – especially for sport. It is seen in the category of cruelty to animals, a practice condemned in the Bible. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 88)
Why do traditional Jews refrain from using electricity on the Sabbath?
Traditional Jews consider electricity to be a form of fire, and lighting a fire on the Sabbath is prohibited in the Bible. These Jews do not turn on devices or use any electrical appliances on the Sabbath. Some authorities who doubt whether electricity can truly be labeled fire explain the ban on electricity as a protective measure (shevut), to safeguard against other violations that may stem from the use of electrical appliances. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 164)
Why is the word Kosher used to describe articles not related to food consumption?
The word “Kosher”, which is an anglicization of the Hebrew word “Kasher”, did not originally apply to food. The word first appears in the Bible (Esther 8:5 and Ecclesiastes 11:6) to mean “good” or “proper”. In later rabbinical literature it referred primarily to ritual objects, such as Talit (prayer shawl), Tefilin (phylacteries), etc., and meant “fit for ritual use”. Kasher is also used to describe witnesses at a trail who are “fit” or “competent to testify. The use of “Kosher” to qualify food items developed only in modern times as supervising a growing processed-foods industry has become necessary in order to satisfy Jewish religious standards for Jewishly observant consumers. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 86)
Why is the wedding ceremony held under a Huppah?
A Huppah is a wedding canopy usually a large piece of decorated fabric (sometimes a Talit, a prayer shawl) supported by four firm poles. It is a reminder of ancient times when the groom brought the bride to a room in his house at the end of the betrothal (engagement) period to copulate for consummating the marriage. The sexual joining, termed Yihud, was considered the essence of the wedding. During Middle Ages when weddings were performed in the synagogue, it became customary to erect the type of Huppah still in use today, symbolizing the Yihud room. Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 35).
Why is the honor of witnessing up-close the reading of an open Torah-scroll named an “Aliya”?
Aliya is Hebrew for “ascent.” Originally, the prophet, priest or king would read the entire weekly Torah portion during synagogue worship. Later-on in history, the Torah reading was divided among members of the congregation. Since the reader would physically ascend a platform (Bimah) to recite the portion, as well as assume a role previously reserved for dignitaries, this honor was termed an “Aliya”, ascent. In later centuries it became evident that many Jews were not knowledgeable enough to musically read the Torah portion, thus a designated reader, the “Baal Koray”, master-of-reading, would do so, and the term Aliya would then refer to the honor of witnessing the reading up-close and reciting the blessing before and after the performance of this Mitzvah.
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 133).
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 133).
Why does the groom break a glass at the end of the wedding ceremony?
The most popular explanation is that the breaking of the glass commemorates the destruction of the Temple In Jerusalem in the year 70 C.E.. The shattering of the glass is a reminder of our national loss and our enduring hope that we or our descendants will return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. Other explanations relate the custom to medieval practices of warding off evil eye. Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 42
Why do some Jews sway when they pray?
Swaying, also known in Yiddish as Schuckling, is an ancient Jewish custom. The Zohar, a mystic work written by the second century C.E. Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai, explains: “Rabbi Jose asks Rabbi Abba, why… Jews alone are in the habit of swaying the body when they study the Law? Rabbi Abba answered: It is proof of the refinement of their souls. “A person’s spirit is Adonai’s candle”, as referred to in Proverbs (20: 27). The light of that candle flickers and waves in harmony with the light of the Torah”. The fourteenth century German born sage, Rabbi Jacob Ben Asher (aka Baal HaTurim), explains that swaying while praying is an expression of awe, similar to the awe felt during the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai.
Source: (Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 151).
Source: (Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 151).
Why does the day begin at sundown on the Jewish calendar?
The custom of reckoning days in this fashion is based on the first chapter of the book of Genesis. At the end of each day of Creation in Genesis chapter 1, it reads: “And God saw that it was good. And it was evening, and it was morning…”. Additionally in the book of Leviticus (23:32) we read: “… from evening onto evening you shall keep the Sabbath.” Thus, each twenty-four-hour period begins at sundown. The Sabbath and Holidays, for example, begin at sundown, i.e. we begin celebrating Shabbat every Friday evening, which ends twenty four hours later at Saturday nightfall. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 292)
Why do Jews observe the Sabbath as a day of rest?
The idea of the Sabbath as a day of rest comes from the Torah. The second chapter of the book of Genesis tells that after creating the world in six days, God rested on the seventh day. In the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20: 2-14; and Deuteronomy 5:12-15), the Sabbath is referred to as a day of rest for servants as well as for masters, and as a day of commemorating Israel’s release from slavery in Egypt. These ideas also appear in Exodus 31:16,17. The Sabbath is an ancient protection against labor exploitation and slavery, intended to elevate the spiritual lives and quality of life for all. Source: (Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 162)
Why are the Sabbath candles lit before sunset on Friday, and not on Saturday proper?
In the Jewish calendar all days begin at nightfall (of the evening before the actual day in question). Lighting fire on Shabbat is prohibited in the Torah. So, as not to desecrate the Sabbath by miscalculating the time on which night falls, it has become customary to light the Sabbath candles early - usually eighteen minutes before sunset, and approximately forty minutes before nightfall. The Sabbath ends on Saturday night approximately twenty minutes after nightfall. The end of Sabbath is too traditionally marked with a candle-lighting ceremony called “Havdallah”. Source: (Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 163)
Why is the word “Amen” often said during public prayers?
“AMeN” is an acrostic formed from the first letters of the three Hebrew words El Melekh Ne’eman, The Lord is a Trustworthy King (Talmud Shabbat 119b). The word appears for the first time in Torah in the book of Numbers (5:22) in relation to the Sotah ritual. As a response to a prayer or as a declaration, “Amen” means “truly” or “so be it”. According to Talmud Ta’anit 16a, after the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 c.e. “Amen” replaced the longer traditional Temple response to prayer, “blessed is His glorious name forever and ever”. Because many congregants in early times were unable to read, the leader of the service would read an entire prayer, the congregation would listen, and at the conclusion respond “Amen. Fundamentally, the “Amen” response is a verbal statement of inclusion or affiliation when present at Jewish communal prayer or study. Source: (Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 152)
Why is the honor of approaching an open Torah scroll to witness its reading named an Aliya?
Aliya is the Hebrew word for “ascent.” Originally, the prophet, priest or king would read the entire weekly Torah portion during synagogue worship. Later, the Torah reading was divided among members of the congregation. Since the reader would physically ascend a Platform (Bimah) to recite the portion, as well as take on the role of a dignitary, this honor was termed an “Aliya”. In later centuries it became evident that many Jews were not knowledgeable enough to musically read the Torah portion, thus a designated reader, the “Baal Koray”, “master of the reading” would do so, and the term Aliya would then refer to the honor of witnessing the reading up-close and reciting the blessing before and after the act.
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 133).
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 133).
Why are the number of candles increased every night rather than decreased?
The Talmud discusses whether one candle should be lit the first night two the second and so on – the view of the School of Hillel the Elder. Or conversely, whether eight candles should be lit the first night, seven the second and so on till one candle is lit on the last night – the view of the School of Shamai. The decision was made to follow the opinion of Hillel the Elder, and that is how Hanukkah candles are lit till this day. This decision follows the principle that in matters of holiness (light) one should always increase and not decrease.
Why do Jews eat Potato Latkes on Hanukkah?
Potato Latkes are eaten because they are fried in oil, and oil symbolizes the miracle of the cruse of oil which lasted for eight days instead of one. Additionally, the Hebrew words for "oil" and for the number "eight", Shemen and Shemonah respectively, share the same three letter root, Shemen שמן. This teaches that oil symbolizes not only the substance of the miracle but also its length in days. Oil is also significant in Jewish tradition because in ancient times it was used to ritually sanctify or anoint high ranking officials, such as kings and priests, as well as holy objects used in Temple rites. In Israel these fried potatoes are called Levivot, reminiscent of the Levites who served in the holy Temple of Jerusalem. The Latkes, thus, connect us to our sacred past in a variety of ways. (Sourced in part from The Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 267)
Why is a Mezuzah placed on the doorpost of Jewish homes?
The Mezuzah is a small parchment inscribed with verses from the Bible. It is rolled up, inserted in a case, and attached to the doorposts of our homes. This practice is mandated in the Bible (Deuteronomy 6:9). It is intended to remind us of three things: 1. Torah law, 2. of God’s Unity, 3. to enter, and to leave our homes with love for God and for fellow human beings.
Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 113
Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 113
Why is a Jewish male child circumcised?
Biblical law requires that every son of a Jewish woman be circumcised on the eighth day after his birth. The word for circumcision in Hebrew is Brit, which means “covenant.” This refers to a pledge God made to Abraham (Genesis 17:2), in which God promised to bless Abraham and make him prosper, if Abraham would be loyal to God, and follow God’s Mitzvot, directives. This covenant was entered into and sealed by the act of circumcision, called in Hebrew Ot Brit, “sign of the covenant”. Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 14
Why wear a Yarmulkah (Yiddish) or Kipah (Hebrew)?
The Yarmulkah is a skullcap worn by Jews, traditionally by Jewish men and, increasingly, by women. While the meaning of the word Yarmulkah is unknown, it is thought to derive from the Hebrew expression Yareh M’Elokim (in awe of God). This is based on a statement by the Talmudic sage, Huna Ben Joshua, who said, “I never walked four cubits with uncovered head because God dwells over my head” (Kidushin 31a). Wearing a Yarmulkah is a widely accepted custom but not codified in Torah law. The Hebrew word Kipah simply means “covering”.
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 121).
Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 121).
Why is pork so objectionable to Jews, even more than other non-Kosher animals?
The Talmud teaches, “It is not proper to raise pigs”, adding, “Cursed is he who raises pigs.” Scholars associate the deep Jewish aversion to the pig with two historical periods. One, the Hasmonean period (second century B.C.E) when Antiochus, the Syrian-Greek King, ruled Israel and tried to force Jews to sacrifice pigs in the Temple in Jerusalem. The Maccabees eventually defeated this oppressive regime. The second reason is that during the early centuries of the Common Era the Romans, who ruled Palestine, cherished the pig as one of their symbols. To the Jews the pig became a reminder of the Roman reign of terror. Consequently, the animal was considered more repugnant than other non-kosher animals (The Second Jewish Book Of Why, Kolatch 1985).
Why is Jewish identity traditionally passed from mother to child?
Jewish law considers a child Jewish if the mother is Jewish. The rule was established because one can be sure who gave birth to a child but the paternity is sometimes questionable. In 1983 the Reform rabbinate by a majority of three to one, recognized the validity of patrilineal descent, by which the child of non-Jewish mother and a Jewish father is to be considered Jewish if that child is reared as a Jew and is identified formally and publicly with the Jewish faith. Source: (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 14).
Why are some wines considered kosher and others not?
The Talmud indicates that wine intended for use in connection with idolatrous (pagan) worship, called Ya’yin Nesekh, was absolutely forbidden to Jews. Later this prohibition was extended to include all wine handled by Gentiles. Today it is generally presumed that Christians and Muslims are not idolaters, and wine handled by them may be used by Jews, although the tradition of caution and avoidance of non-kosher wine lingers.
Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 95
Source: Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 95
Why is the word L’Chayim used when raising a glass and making a toast?
L’Chayim means “to life” in Hebrew. The Talmud, teaches that the custom of toasting someone with the word L’Chayim has its origins with the great scholar Rabbi Akiva. At a banquet he gave in honor of his son, Shimon, Rabbi Akiva offered each guest a glass of wine and saluted them with the words, “To the life and health of the Rabbis and their disciples!” (Shabbat, 67:b). (Second Jewish Book of Why, Kolatch 1985, p. 327).